什么是饮食障碍？

什么是饮食障碍？

正式归类为“喂食和饮食紊乱”精神障碍的诊断和统计手册（DSM-5）,“饮食失调”这个词代表一组of complex mental health conditions that can seriously impair health and social functioning

Because of the physical nature of their defining symptoms, eating disorders can cause both emotional distress and significant medical complications. They also have thehighest mortality rateof any mental disorder.

Types

There are many types of feeding and eating disorders, and they all come with their own defining characteristics and diagnostic criteria. The eating disorders formally recognized the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), the official guidebook to the diagnosis of psychiatric disorders used by mental health providers, include the following.

Binge Eating Disorder (BED)

Binge eating disorder，最近认可的饮食障碍，实际上是最常见的。它的特点是重复的狂犬病食物被定义为伴随着大量食物的消耗伴随着控制丧失的感觉。在体积较大的人群中，它的速度较高。Weight stigmais commonly a confounding element in the development and treatment of BED.

Bulimia neverosa（BN）

Bulimia nervosa涉及狂犬病的复发事件，然后是补偿行为-Behaviors旨在弥补消耗的卡路里。这些行为可能包括呕吐，禁食，过度运动，和泻药使用。

厌食症（AN）

Anorexia nervosais characterized by the restricted intake of food which leads to a lower than expected body weight, fear of weight gain, and disturbance in body image. Many people are unaware that anorexia nervosa can also bediagnosed in individuals with larger bodies。Despite the fact that anorexia is the eating disorder that receives the most attention, it is actually the least common.

Other Specified Feeding and Eating Disorder (OSFED)

其他指定的喂养和饮食失调是一个包含造成显着痛苦和障碍的广泛饮食问题的一系列捕获问题，但不符合厌食症神经组织，贪食症神经组织或狂犬病患者的具体标准。

People who are diagnosed with OSFED often feel invalidated and unworthy of help, which is not true. OSFED can also be as serious as other eating disorders and can include subclinical eating disorders.

研究表明，许多患有亚临床饮食障碍的人将继续开发全饮食。亚临床饮食障碍也可以描述许多人在恢复的途径中恢复的阶段。

Avoidant/Restrictive Food Intake Disorder (ARFID)

避免/限制性食物摄入障碍是一种饮食障碍，涉及在厌食症神经系统中常见的身体图像干扰的情况下涉及限制的食物摄入量。

Orthorexia nearlosa.

Orthorexia nervosa不是DSM-5的官方饮食障碍，尽管它引起了最近的重大关注，作为未来版本的拟议诊断。它与其他饮食障碍的不同，因为不健康的痴迷通常不会来自减肥的欲望。此外，重点不是食物量，而是食品质量。Orthorexia Nervosa是一种不健康的健康饮食的痴迷，涉及秉承健康饮食理论，以至于一个经历健康，社会和职业后果。

其他饮食障碍

除上面列出的外，其他饮食障碍包括：

• Night eating syndrome
• Pica
• Purging disorder
• Rumination disorder
• Unspecified feeding or eating disorder (UFED)

症状

虽然不同饮食障碍的症状大大变化，但有些可能表明进一步调查的原因，包括：

• Dietary restriction
• 频繁的体重变化或显着体重
• 消极的身体形象
• Presence of binge eating
• Presence of过度锻炼
• 吹扫，泻药或利尿用途的存在
• 围绕食物，身体形象和重量的过度思考

Mental Effects

饮食障碍通常与其他精神障碍一起发生，最常见的焦虑症，包括：

• Body dysmorphic disorder (BDD)
• Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)
• Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)
• Social anxiety disorder (GAD)

焦虑症通常预测饮食障碍的发作。通常，患有饮食障碍的人也经历了抑郁和得分高perfectionism。

物理效果

因为充分摄入营养平衡的食物对于常规功能至关重要，因此饮食障碍可能会显着影响身体和心理操作。一个人不必体重体验饮食障碍的医疗后果。饮食障碍影响身体的每个系统，可以导致身体健康问题，如：

• 脑大众损失
• 心血管问题
• 胃肠道问题（例如慢性便秘，胃食管反流）
• Dental problems
• Disrupted sleep patterns
• 昏厥的咒语
• 身体上的脱发或柔软的头发（称为Lanugo）
• 失丧月经期post-puberty (or delayed the first period)
• Musculoskeletal injuries and pain
• 弱势骨头

Diagnosis

饮食障碍可由医疗医师或精神卫生专业人员诊断，包括精神科医生和心理学家。万博手机客户端通常，儿科医生或初级保健医生将在经常检查期间或父母或家庭成员对其所爱的行为的关注后诊断症状后诊断饮食障碍。

虽然没有一个实验室测试对饮食障碍进行筛选，但您的医生可以使用各种身体和心理评估以及实验室测试来确定您的诊断，包括：

• A physical exam, during which your provider will check your height, weight, and vital signs
• Lab tests, including a complete blood count, liver, kidney, and thyroid function tests, urinalysis, X-ray, and an electrocardiogram
• Psychological evaluation, which includes personal questions about your dieting, binging, purging, exercise habits, and body image

There are also multiple questionnaires and assessment tools used to assess a person's symptoms, including:

• 吃紊乱库存
• 嘲笑问卷
• Eating Attitudes Test
• 进食障碍检查问卷（EDE-Q）

Who Is Diagnosed?

与流行的看法相反,饮食失调t only affect teenage girls. They occur in people of all genders, ages, races, ethnicities, and socioeconomic statuses. They are, however, more commonly diagnosed in women.

Men are underrepresented in eating disorder statistics—thestigmaof having a condition associated primarily with women often keeps them from seeking help and getting diagnosed. Furthermore, eating disorders may also在男人身上不同。

Eating disorders have been diagnosed in儿童年龄为6岁和老年人and seniors. The different ways in which eating disorders manifest in these populations can contribute to their unrecognizable nature, even by professionals.

饮食障碍影响所有种族背景的人，而且由于陈规定型观念，它们通常被忽视为非白人群体。吃疾病仅影响富裕的白人女性的错误信念为他人缺乏公共卫生待遇 - 许多不足和边缘化人口的唯一选择。

并且，虽然没有很好地研究，但它将假定歧视和压迫的经验transgender populationscontribute to higher rates of eating and other disorders among transgender individuals.

原因

饮食障碍是复杂的疾病。虽然我们并不明确地知道导致它们的原因，但存在一些理论。

似乎50％至80％的发展疾病的风险是遗传，但仅靠基因没有预测谁会发生饮食障碍。常常说“基因加载枪，但环境拉动扳机。”

某些情况和事件 - 通常称为“沉淀因素” - 协调或引发遗传弱势群体的饮食障碍的发展。

涉及沉淀剂的一些环境因素包括：

• Abuse
• Bullying
• 节食
• Life transitions
• Mental illness
• 青春期
• Stress
• Weight stigma

It has also become common toblame eating disorders on the media。虽然媒体影响被认为是一种复杂因素，但它不被认为是个人饮食失调发展的潜在原因。最终，一个人也必须具有遗传脆弱性，以便侵蚀发展疾病。

Treatment

Early interventionis associated with an improved outcome, so please do not delay seeking assistance.Life may even need to be put on holdwhile you focus on getting well. And once you are well, you will be in a much better position to appreciate what life has to offer. Help is available in a variety of formats, although it is common to start treatment with the lowest level of care and progress to higher levels as needed.

自助

Some people with bulimia nervosa and binge eating disorder may be helped by自助或指导自我帮助基于原则cognitive behavioral therapy(CBT). The person may work through a workbook, manual, or web platform, to learn about the disorder and develop skills to overcome and manage it. Self-help is contraindicated for anorexia nervosa.

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)

CBT是成人饮食障碍的最佳门诊治疗，包括以下元素：

• Cognitive restructuring
• Body image exposure
• Delays and alternatives
• 食物曝光
• 限制身体检查
• 膳食计划
• 定期吃
• Relapse prevention
• Self-monitoringvia paper or应用程序

Family-Based Treatment (FBT)

基于家庭的待遇（FBT）is the best-studied treatment for children and adolescents with eating disorders.基本上，这家庭是治疗团队的重要组成部分。父母通常提供膳食支持，这让年轻人在他们的家庭环境中恢复。FBT的另一个重要元素是externalizing the eating disorder。

营养治疗

注册营养师可以帮助您学习（或relearn）健康饮食的组成部分，并激励您进行所需的变化。

每周门诊治疗

Weekly outpatient treatment is the usual starting point for those who have access to treatment and typically includes treatment by a team of professionals including a therapist, a营养师, and a medical doctor. Other successful outpatient therapies for adult eating disorders include:

• 辩证行为治疗
• 认知修复治疗
• Interpersonal psychotherapy

密集待遇

For people needing a higher level of care, treatment isavailable at multiple levels，包括密集门诊，部分住院，住宅和hospital levels of care。在这些设置中，处理几乎是由多学科团队提供的。

应对

Caring for your physical and mental health will go a long way toward helping you cope with an eating disorder. In addition to talking to a therapist or joining a support group (like饮食障碍匿名), seek support from a trusted friend or family member who can be there for you along your path to recovery.

除了自我保健之外，鉴定一些健康的分心也很重要，当你发现自己迷恋食物和重量或经历转向饮食或行为的冲动时，你也可以转向。以下是一些需要考虑：

• Explore a new hobby, like photography, painting, or knitting
• 投资成人着色书
• 实践思想冥想
• Take a leisurely walk
• 尝试瑜伽课程或DVD
• 写在期刊

A Word From Verywell

从饮食障碍中恢复并不容易，它需要勇气，但有可能的右支持系统到位。

If you are the parent of a minor with an eating disorder, then it is wise for you to代表他们寻求治疗。支持饮食障碍的孩子是艰苦的工作，但是你有资源。如果你的爱人有饮食障碍是成年人，你仍然可以在帮助他们方面发挥重要作用。

由于饮食障碍的人往往不相信他们有问题，家庭成员和重要人物在让他们的帮助方面发挥着关键作用。虽然从饮食失调中恢复可能是挑战性的，但有时候，它肯定是可能的。