Esketamine was approved by the FDA in 2019 to treat depression that没有回应其他治疗。与通常需要4〜六周生效的口腔抗抑郁药不同,ESKALAMINE通过鼻喷雾给药,在小时内有效。
It’s estimated that 5 million people in the United States have a抑郁症that hasn’t resolved with current treatments. Esketamine may help those with treatment-resistant depression experience much-needed relief.
eskamine是由品牌名称Ketanest和Spravato的销售。其有效性在三次短期临床试验中评估了一个长期临床试验和一个长期维持试验。虽然它确实带来了一些风险,但FDA确定了益处超过了风险,这引用了对治疗抗抑郁的额外有效治疗的需求,严重和潜在的危及生命的病症。
在美国,自杀是最终死因的十分之一。In 2016, it claimed the lives of almost 45,000 people. Many of those individuals had untreated depression.
用途
尽管有几十年的研究,但molecular mechanisms underlying depression很难理解。因此,科学家并不完全确定eSKamine如何减少抑郁症。显而易见的是它是快速行动的。几小时内,人们可能会对减少的大脑进行变化抑郁症状。
目前可用的抗抑郁药靶向单胺神经递质系统 - 主要是大脑中的血清素,去甲肾上腺素和多巴胺水平。抗抑郁药往往需要四到六周才能完全有效,而且它们并不总是有效的。
Esketamine is derived from ketamine. The only difference is that ketamine is a mixture of two mirror images of a molecule and esketamine is just one of those molecules.
非标签用途
Esketamine isn’t a new drug. It’s been around for a long time, but it is only recently that it has been used as a nasal spray to treat depression.
盐酸氯胺酮是一种选择性的NMDAR拮抗剂,自20世纪60年代以来主要用作麻醉药物。它也可用于低剂量的疼痛管理。急诊部门可以使用它来管理急性疼痛或在程序期间控制疼痛。
氯胺酮
氯胺酮is known as a party drug—often referred to as “Special K.” People who misuse ketamine report dissociative effects as well as a sense of detachment, saying they felt an “out-of-body experience.”
When misused, ketamine distorts perceptions of sight and sound. Some people on ketamine experience euphoria, while others report hallucinations or temporary paralysis.
初始药物试验
2000年,试验试验报告了在较低剂量的氯胺酮之后的快速和稳健的抗抑郁作用,其剂量低于用于麻醉目的。在审判后,更多的研究支持了调查结果。
Most of the trials focused on a 40-minute IV fusion of ketamine. Following the infusion, the majority of patients experienced significant relief in symptoms such as depressed mood, anhedonia, and suicidal thoughts. Improvements were often noted within two hours of ketamine administration. The therapeutic effects peaked at 24 hours and lasted up to two weeks.
Despite the positive results, IV ketamine was associated with mild and transient dissociative effects, neurocognitive andsensorimotor心率和血压的骚乱,持久的高度升高。
它也没有以IV形式广泛使用。如果没有FDA批准,则保险未涵盖用于治疗抑郁症的氯胺酮输注的标签使用,并且每次治疗通常超过500美元。
在临床试验中,ESKakamine鼻喷雾已经有效地减少了用治疗抑郁症的个体的症状。一个随机试验涉及65岁以下的成年人,他也服用口腔抗抑郁药。一个月后,大约70%的患者患有治疗的患者,相比之下,安慰剂组的略微超过一半。
Before Taking
Esketamine isn’t likely to be used as a first-line of treatment. Instead, it is intended for individuals with treatment-resistant depression, meaning they have had adequate trials of two other antidepressant medications first and didn’t experience relief.
研究表明,约有30%的接受抑郁症治疗的人没有对标准的前线治疗方法的反应。
替代治疗方案
eskamine可能是一个处于急性自杀风险的个人的选择。在危机中的个人可能需要一种快速的药物,可以立即救济。
eskamine不是耐治疗抑郁症的个体的唯一选择。其他选项可能包括:
- 不同的抗抑郁药:Just because the first two antidepressants didn’t work doesn’t mean a third medication won’t be effective. A doctor may try a different抗抑郁药的类型(例如从SSRI改变为SNRI)或添加可以使抗抑郁药更有效的另一种药物(例如抗精神病药或抗惊厥药物)。
- 谈话治疗:抑郁症通常最好用药物和治疗组合治疗。精神科医生可以将患者提交心理治疗,以帮助减少症状。认知行为疗法(CBT)has been found to be especially effective in treating treatment-resistant depression.
- 电耦合治疗(ECT):ECT通过大脑产生电流以触发短暂的癫痫发作。它似乎导致脑化学的变化改善和稳定情绪。它可以具有副作用,例如短期记忆损失和混乱,但通常被认为是安全的,目前最有效的治疗方法抗性抑郁症。可能需要六到12个治疗会议。
- Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS):VNS涉及植入类似的起搏器的装置,该装置向迷走神经发出电流。迷走神经被认为刺激调节心情的大脑的部分。VNS有效可能需要几个月的时间。
- 重复的经颅磁刺激(RTMS):RTMS.使用磁铁刺激大脑的某些区域以减少抑郁症的症状。虽然它不会携带一些副作用,但通常不会被认为是有效的。
Precautions and Contraindications
eskamine可能会导致血压或心率的增加,因此如果个体具有心绞痛,中风历史或控制血压较差的血压,则应谨慎使用。
eskamine可能导致胎儿伤害和怀孕或考虑成为怀孕的女性应该与他们的医生谈谈。在进行治疗时,女性不应该母乳喂养。
通常,eskeramine在个人中被禁用精神病抑郁症, since psychotic symptoms are sometimes reported as side effects when it is administered at anesthetic doses. Esketamine is also contraindicated in those who have a hypersensitivity to esketamine or ketamine.
Dosage
esketamine通过鼻喷雾递送。每个设备包含28毫克(MG)并提供两个喷雾剂。它必须根据医疗监督管理,患者将无法带回家。根据FDA批准的条件,患者必须去医生的办公室或诊所进入鼻喷雾。
If you are taking esketamine, you will likely receive a treatment one or two times per week. You will remain in the office setting for a couple of hours so you can be monitored closely by medical personnel for two hours. Medical providers will ensure you are not experiencing adverse reactions before allowing you to leave.
Esketamine was approved for use in combination with oral antidepressants likeprozac(氟西汀),Zoloft (sertraline), orLexapro (escitalopram)。
Modifications
尤其基胺的安全性和有效性尚未为儿科用途建立。65人和老年人使用的指导方针与其他成年人相同。
副作用
与任何新的治疗一样,制造商将继续监测任何不良反应。研发埃斯卡息岛的约翰逊&约翰逊正在采取措施,以确保只按预期使用。
常见的
在临床试验中,最常见的副作用包括以下内容:
- Anxiety
- 减少的感觉
- 解剖
- 头晕
- 感到醉酒
- Increased blood pressure
- 昏睡
- 恶心
- 镇静
- Vertigo
- 呕吐
ESKamine的标签将包括黑匣子警告 - 最严重的安全警告FDA问题。它将小心用户可能会体验镇静,引人注目,判断和思考的问题。它还将警告人们有滥用和自杀思想的潜力。
在服用eSKamine后,患者不应驾驶或运营重型机械,直到第二天在休眠睡眠之后,因为它可能损害反应时间和运动技能。
Severe Side Effects
Call your doctor if you experience severe side effects including extreme drowsiness, changes in mood or behavior, worsening depression, hallucinations, or suicidal thoughts. Call emergency services immediately if you have signs of an allergic reaction including hives, difficulty breathing, or swelling of the face, throat, lips, or tongue.
警告和互动
Before taking esketamine nasal spray, you should tell your doctor about any other medications, both prescription and nonprescription, that you are taking, as well as any vitamins or herbal supplements that you currently take or plan on taking.
您将密切监测您可能需要的其他药物的潜在相互作用,包括:
- Amphetamines
- 抗焦虑药物
- Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs)
- 阿片类药物止痛药
- Sedatives
- 癫痫发作药物
- 睡眠艾滋病
- 镇静剂
The use of alcohol should be limited when taking esketamine, as combining the two may increase the severity of side effects including drowsiness, difficulty thinking, confusion, motor impairment, and dizziness.
eskamine也有滥用潜力。建议医生权衡这种治疗的潜在利益,特别是对这种风险的潜在利益,特别是在具有滥用物质风险和成瘾风险的人中。长期使用eskamine会导致物理依赖性,这可能导致在使用时或减少剂量时导致戒断症状。
A Word From Verywell
If you or a loved one has treatment-resistant depression, talk to your doctor about the potential risks and benefits of esketamine versus other treatment options. While esketamine may not be right for everyone, it may provide much-needed relief for some individuals who haven’t been able to get relief from their depression from other treatment methods.
如果您或亲人正在努力抑郁症,请联系药物滥用和心理健康服务管理局(Samhs万博手机客户端a)国家帮助热线at1-800-662-4357for information on support and treatment facilities in your area.
为了更多的心理健康万博手机客户端资源,看看我们的国家助理数据库。