为什么我们忘记的4个解释

Retrieval Failure

你有没有觉得过一段信息刚刚消失了你的记忆力？或者也许你知道它在那里，但你似乎无法找到它。无法检索内存是遗忘的最常见原因之一。

那么为什么我们经常无法从内存中检索信息？检索失败的一个可能的解释被称为衰减理论。根据该理论，每次形成新理论时都会创建存储器轨迹。衰减理论表明，随着时间的推移，这些内存迹线开始逐渐消失并消失。如果没有检索和排练信息，则最终将丢失。

然而，这种理论的一个问题是，研究表明，甚至没有被排练或记住的回忆是非常稳定的长期记忆。

干扰

被称为干扰理论的另一个理论表明一些记忆竞争并干扰其他记忆。当信息与先前存储在内存中的其他信息非常相似时，更容易发生干扰。

有两种基本类型的干扰：

• Proactive interference是旧的记忆使其更加困难或不可能记住新内存。
• Retroactive interferenceoccurs when new information interferes with your ability to remember previously learned information.

虽然干扰可以让很难记住一些事情，但有些事情可以做到尽量减少其效果。排练新信息通常是最有效的方法。通过基本上沉默的新事物，旧信息的可能性不太可能与新的竞争。

Failure to Store

有时，失败的信息与忘记等等的事实毫无关系，这使得它在第一的地方永远不会成为长期记忆。编码故障有时防止信息进入长期内存。

In one well-known experiment, researchers asked participants to identify the correct U.S. penny out of a group of drawings of incorrect pennies. Try doing this experiment yourself by attempting to draw a penny from memory, and then compare your results to an actual penny.

How well did you do? Chances are that you were able to remember the shape and color, but you probably forgot other minor details. The reason for this is that only details necessary for distinguishing pennies from other coins were encoded into your long-term memory. Identifying a penny does not require knowing the exact image or words found on the coin. Because this information is not really needed, you have likely never taken the time to memorize it and commit it to memory.

有动力的遗忘

Sometimes we may actively work to forget memories, especially those of traumatic or disturbing events or experiences. Painful memories can be upsetting and anxiety-provoking, so there are times we may desire to eliminate them. The two basic forms of motivated forgetting are suppression, which is a conscious form of forgetting, and repression, an unconscious form of忘记。

However, the concept of repressed memories is not universally accepted by all psychologists. One of the problems with repressed memories is that it is difficult, if not impossible, to scientifically study whether or not a memory has beenrepressed。

Also note that mental activities such as rehearsal and remembering are important ways of strengthening memory, and memories of painful or traumatic life events are far less likely to be remembered, discussed, or rehearsed.