短期内存持续时间和容量

短期内存，也称为主要或活动内存，是我们目前了解或考虑的信息。短期记忆中发现的信息来自关注感官存储器。

快速概述：

• 短期记忆非常简短。When short-term memories are not rehearsed or actively maintained, they last mere seconds.
• 短期记忆有限。通常建议短期记忆可以容纳七加或减去两件物品。

持续时间

在短期内存中保存的大多数信息将存储大约20到30秒，但如果防止信息或主动维护信息，则可以是几秒钟。一些信息可以持续到短期内存，最多一分钟，但大多数信息都自发地衰减了很快。

例如，想象一下，您正在尝试记住电话号码。另一个人从电话号码摇响，你做了一个快速的心理票据。片刻后来你意识到你已经忘记了这个号码。在没有排练或继续重复数字之前，直到它致力于内存，信息从短期内存迅速丢失。

然而，短期内存中的信息也非常容易受到干扰。进入短期内存的任何新信息将快速迁移任何旧信息。环境中的类似物品也可以干扰短期记忆。

While many of our short-term memories are quickly forgotten, attending to this information allows it to continue the next stage—long-term memory。

Capacity

可以存储在短期内存中的信息量可以不同。基于在短期记忆的着名实验的结果，经常引用的数字是加号或减号。

In an influential paper titled "The Magical Number Seven, Plus or Minus Two," psychologist George Miller suggested that people can store between five and nine items in short-term memory. More recent research suggests that people are capable of storing approximately four chunks or pieces of information in short-term memory.

短期与工作记忆

Short-term memory is often used interchangeably with working memory, but the two should be utilized separately. Working memory refers to the processes that are used to temporarily store, organize, and manipulate information. Short-term memory, on the other hand, refers only to the temporary storage of information in memory.

短期vs。Long-Term Memory

Memory researchers often use what is referred to as the three-store model to conceptualize human memory. This model suggests that memory consists of three basic stores:感官，短期和长期，每个都可以根据存储容量和持续时间来区分。

虽然长期记忆具有看似无限的容量，但持续年度，短期内存相对简短而有限。分组信息分为小组使得更容易记住短时间内的更多项目。

The information-processing view of memory suggests that human memory works much like a computer. In this model, information first enters short-term memory (a temporary holding store for recent events) and then some of this information is transferred into long-term memory (a relatively permanent store), much like information on a computer being placed on a hard disk.

短期如何变得长期记忆

由于短期内存在容量和持续时间内受到限制，因此存储器的保留需要将信息从短期存储传输到长期存储器中。这究竟是怎么发生的？然而，有一些不同的方式可以致力于长期记忆，但是，如何从短期到长期商店转移回忆的确切机制仍然存在争议，并且不太了解。

The Atkinson-Shiffrin Model

经典模型，称为Atkinson-Shiffrin模型或多模式模型，表明所有短期存储器在一定时间后自动放置在长期记忆中。

Chunking

As mentioned earlier, chunking is one memorization technique that can facilitate the transfer of information into long-term memory. This approach involves breaking up information into smaller segments. If you were trying to memorize a string of numbers, for example, you would segment them off into three or four item blocks.

排演

排演can also help information make it into long-term memory. You might use this approach when studying materials for an exam. Instead of just reviewing the information once or twice, you might go over your notes over and over again until the critical information is committed to memory.

最近，其他研究人员提出了一些精神编辑，并且只选择特定的记忆来长期保留。尽管如此，其他研究人员仍然存在对短期和长期记忆有单独商店的想法。

Exercise

Recent research has shown that exercise may also help increase short-term memory. One experiment found that treadmill exercise in rats with Alzheimer's led to improvements in short-term memory by increasing神经发生, offering hope for new approaches that alleviate some of the symptoms associated with Alzheimer's disease.

来自粗糙的一个词

短期记忆在塑造我们在我们周围的世界的能力方面起着至关重要的作用，但它在能力和持续时间方面有限。疾病和伤害也会对存储短期存储器的能力产生影响，并将它们转化为长期记忆。

As researchers continue to learn more about factors that influence memory, new ways of enhancing and protecting short-term memory may continue to emerge.