隐式和显式长期内存之间的差异

Information that you have to consciously work to remember is known as explicit memory, while information that you remember unconsciously and effortlessly is known as implicit memory. People often focus more on the topic of explicit memory, but researchers are becoming increasingly interested in how implicit memory works and how it influences knowledge and behavior.

由于任何学生可以告诉你,有时需要做很多工作和努力来提交信息memory。When you're studying for a big exam, it might take hours of practice in order to remember what you studied.

However, some other events, details, and experiences enter our memory with little or no effort. For example, on the way to class, you might hear a catchy pop song on the radio. Days later, you find yourself still humming that same tune.

为什么似乎有些事情很难记住和其他事情如此简单?有什么不同?

显式和隐含的记忆
Cindy Chung/Verywell

什么是明确的记忆?

当您尝试故意记住某些内容(如统计学课程的公式或历史级别的日期列表),此信息存储在您的显式内存中。人们每天使用这些记忆,从记住测试中回顾医生预约的日期和时间。

显式内存也称为声明性记忆,因为您可以有意识地召回并解释信息。

Types of Explicit Memory

  • Episodic memory:这些是你的long-term memoriesof specific events, such as what you did yesterday or your high school graduation.
  • Semantic memory: These are memories of facts, concepts, names, and other general knowledge.

显式内存的例子

需要使用明确记忆的一些任务包括记住您在您的学到的内容psychology class,回顾您的电话号码,确定当前总统是谁,撰写研究文件,并记住您在遇到朋友去电影时的时间。

通过显式存储器记住的其他事项的其他示例包括:

  • All of the items on your shopping list
  • 朋友和家人的出生日期
  • Important events from your life such as your school graduation, wedding, or another notable milestone
  • Names and locations of different countries on a map

许多明确记忆的例子涉及教科书学习或经验记忆。这些是您有意识地需要提高认识的事情。

What is Implicit Memory?

人们没有故意尝试记住的东西存储在隐式内存中。这种记忆是无意识和无意的。隐式内存有时也被称为非分传记忆,因为您无法有意识地将其引起意识。

在明确的记忆是有意识的并且可以口头解释的情况下,隐含的记忆通常是无意识的,而不是口头铰接。隐式存储器通常是过程且专注于必须执行的逐步过程以完成任务。

Procedural memories(例如如何执行棒球蝙蝠或制作烤面包)的特定任务是一种类型的隐式记忆,因为您不必有意识地回顾如何执行这些任务。虽然隐含的记忆并没有有意识地回忆起,但它们仍然会影响你的行为方式以及你对不同任务的知识。

隐式存储器的示例

隐式存储器的一些示例包括唱一首熟悉的歌曲,在您的计算机键盘上打字,然后刷牙。骑自行车是另一个例子。即使在没有骑行的情况下过多,大多数人都能够跳上一辆自行车并毫不费力地骑。

Other examples of implicit memory may include:

  • 知道如何使用餐具并每天服装自己
  • Navigating a familiar area such as your house or neighborhood
  • Recalling how to boil water to fix dinner, or drive a car
  • Remembering the words to a popular song after hearing the first few notes

正如您所看到的,这些是您学习的技能,然后不必再次relearn才能执行它们。这些记忆在很大程度上是无意识的,自动发生;您无需考虑您需要遵循的所有确切步骤以完成每个任务。

如何显式和隐含的记忆工作

In order to understand some of the key differences between these two types of memory, it can be helpful to compare the two:

明确的记忆
  • Are encoded to memory and later retrieved

  • 通常通过排练刻意形成

  • Can be encoded unconsciously and tied to emotions

  • 可以通过协会拟订意识

Implicit Memory
  • 随着重复的时间变得自动

  • Begins with learning skills and mastering a task

  • Can result in priming, or responding the same way to similar stimuli

  • 通常依赖上下文和提示

这是一个快速演示,您可以尝试展示隐含和显式的内存工作。在不俯视你的手上键入以下句子:“每一个红辣椒都是诱人的。”现在,在不寻找的情况下,尝试命名键盘顶行中出现的十个字母。

您可能发现它很容易输入上述句子,而无需有意识地思考每个字母在键盘上出现的位置。该任务需要隐式内存。然而,必须召回键盘顶部行中出现的字母是需要显式内存的东西。

由于您可能永远不会坐下并故意将这些钥匙的顺序置于内存,因此它不是您能够轻松调查的东西。

Influences on Explicit and Implicit Memory

研究表明有许多因素可以影响明确和隐性记忆的形成,包括压力水平和情绪状态。

One study found that high-stress levels on working memory, a part of short-term memory that acts as a temporary holding space for information people are focusing on at the moment. This part of memory is important in the formation of explicit memories. The research also suggested that stress may actually facilitate the formation of implicit memories for negative emotional information.

学习have also suggested这种情绪也可以在明确和隐性记忆中发挥重要作用。

A Word From Verywell

显式和隐式内存扮演重要角色in shaping your ability to recall information and interact in your environment. Knowing some of the major differences between the two is important for understanding how memory works.

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