研究表明，传播BS可以让您更有可能相信它

我们都知道通过一般对话和生活的方式。根据加拿大安大略省滑铁卢大学的研究人员，这些人可能更容易受到自己药物的味道。

“[We found] that people who often intentionally engage in misleading others (e.g., by BSing) are themselves ironically more susceptible to being unknowingly duped by misleading information,”Shane Littrell., lead researcher at the University of Waterloo, tells Verywell Mind.

并且无论是多么聪明或分析的人都没关系。如果他们是一个很大的有说服力的BSER，他们更有可能落下BS的风险。此外，他们可能不会意识到它们更容易受到影响，增加了Littrell。

“这种无法区分对虚构的事实意味着由BSER传播的BS量可能比他们实现的更多，”他说。

什么是bs？

Merriam-Webster将BS定义为“废话”。

然而，在心理学术语中，Littrell表示已经被定义为“旨在留下深刻的信息，说服或以其他方式误导的人，这些人经常建造的人而不担心真理。”

虽然这是一个刻意的行为，但它与撒谎, saysDr. Joseph M. Pierre，洛杉矶加州大学精神病学临床教授。

“骗子了解真相，但发表旨在向虚假销售人的陈述。相比之下，BSERS并不关心什么是真实的，因为他们试图看起来好像他们知道他们在谈论的那样，“皮埃尔说得很好。

所以，BSERS倾向于在他们试图的情况下欺骗操纵其他人如何观察他们和/或正在努力操纵他们的想法。这被称为“印象管理”，Littrell说。

“But if BS is coming out of their mouths even when they’re not trying...then there’s a much higher chance that they will lose whatever strategic advantage that BSing provided, because fewer people will take them seriously,” he explains.

BS的类型

There are two kinds of BSing—persuasive and evasive.

有说服力的BSing是通过夸大，装饰或伸展关于一个人的知识，想法，态度，技能或能力的真相来掩盖，说服或适应他人。

For example, Littrell says, persuasive BSing “might be a CEO unleashing a bunch of impressive-sounding buzzwords and corporate jargon to a group of shareholders or board members to persuade them that the CEO’s plan is more awesome than it probably is or that the company’s future looks brighter than it probably really does (to a more objective outside observer).”

逃避的BSing通过代替犹太人，无关的真理，而不是在直接答案可能导致负面社会成果的情况下的情况来响应询问。

根据Littrell的说法，逃避BSing的一个例子可能涉及如下的情况：“你的浪漫伴侣/配偶获得了一个急剧和丑陋的新发型，并要求你。如果你喜欢它。你不想撒谎，但如果你告诉他们你的诚实意见，它可能会伤害他们的感受并导致你在下周睡在沙发上。所以，你回答了，'你总是看起来很棒，亲爱的，“他说。

Evasive BSing seems to resemble the kind that politicians might engage in at press conferences or that scientists might fall back on during interviews where they’re under pressure to comment, notes Pierre.

“In that sense, it may not be designed to sound profound so much as it’s deliberately crafted as accessible if vague rhetoric used as a kind of social smokescreen, either to respond to a query with something speculative, cover for ignorance, or perhaps to avoid conceding that one might be wrong,” he explains.

为什么BSING在误导的传播中很重要

在他们的研究中，Littrell和他的团队通过美国和加拿大的800多名参与者进行了一系列研究。基于措施“BSing”的规模，参与者自我报告他们在两种类型的BSing中的参与，以及他们发现伪深刻和伪科学陈述的深远，真实，或准确fake news头条新闻。

与会者还回答了关于“BS接受性”的规模的问题，这些问题衡量了认知能力，元认知洞察力，知识分子过度自信和反思思维。

The researchers found that higher scores on the first scale were correlated with higher scores on the second.

They also found that people who are more susceptible to falling for BS generally scored lower on measures of analytic thinking skills and cognitive ability, and are more likely to solve problems faster and intuitively rather than more slowly and reflectively.

“这些事情适用于任何更有可能落下BS的人，而不仅仅是落下BS的BSERS，”Littrell说。

此外，在评估某些类型的信息时，更频繁的说服性BSERS在评估某些类型的信息时遇到一些元认知错误。“那么，如果他们遇到一些令人印象深刻的声音，他们似乎误解了深刻，真实性或准确性的浅表，真实的深刻，真实性或准确性，”Littrell说。

例如，他指出，他们可能会遇到新的年龄或伪科学的废话，其中包含像“量子互连”或“超定磁场”的单词，并由模糊的短语印象深刻。

“But because these nonsensical phrases are simultaneously impressive and hard to understand, the person mistakes this as indicating that the information actually IS profound, truthful, or accurate. Basically, if it sounds true/smart, it is true/smart (at least to them),” he explains.

但是，这种处理不适用于避免的BSERE，他们更好地实现区别。

“We’re still not entirely sure why persuasive BSers are committing this metacognitive error, but we at least now know that that’s what seems to be happening,” says Littrell.

Due to thespread and acceptance of mis-information在过去的几年里，Pierre表示，研究为什么人们生产和堕落的研究已经成为心理学研究和验证构建的合法主题。万博maxbetx官网登陆

“虽然'Bsing'显然不是一种新的人类行为，但这几天是一个相当兴趣的主题，特别是我们现在居住的”后真理之巅世界“，在哪里可靠的信息，误传刻意的虚假往往并排共存，“皮埃尔说。

他补充说，最好不要用特定类型的人连接练习。

“现实是，我们都有一些倾向于BS，我们都有一些对接受性的倾向，具有定量而不是定性存在的个体差异，”皮埃尔说。“当谈到BS时，我们也可能在不同程度上使用有说服力和避免的BS。”

As far as understanding the spread of misinformation at a granular level, he adds, that “requires that we have better understanding of the many different motivations for creating, spreading, and recirculating it.”

如何发现一个bser

Pierre says some people are better at detecting BS than others.

“所以me of us can smell it from a mile away and some of us find it downright appealing. So, our ability to see a ‘red flag’ depends on our eyes or nose, so to speak,” he says.

While someone who is blatantly spreading falsehoods to deceive you might be easier to detect, Littrell’s research shows that although it, by definition, is always intentional, a person can unknowingly or unintentionally transmit BS to others, if they are conveying information that they believe is true, but is actually not.

自从该人传播它自己认为，这种类型的错误信息可能更难以检测。

“我不知道研究表明BS接受能力如何减少，或者我们可以培养人们识别BS的识别，但这肯定是未来研究中值得探索的主题，”皮埃尔说。

一些机构和社交媒体平台正在努力阻止关于Covid-19的错误信息传播。如果您发现在线内容，您认为您认为是虚假或误导性的，世界卫生组织列出了在哪里报告这里。