Vygotsky定义的近端开发区域

The zone of proximal development (ZPD) is the range of abilities that an individual can perform with assistance but cannot yet perform independently. These skills are called "proximal" because the individual is close to mastering them but needs more guidance andpractice为了独立执行这些行动。

Vygotsky对ZPD的定义

How do people acquire new knowledge and skills? According to one theory of learning, people learn by being guided by those who are more knowledgeable and skilled. The zone of proximal development is a concept that was created by influentialpsychologistLev Vygotsky。

Vygotskydied quite young, and much of his work was not translated from Russian until many years after his death. Once his work became more widely known, his approach and theories became much more well-known. Today, his work is very influential in the field of education.

有一些基本因素对此的成功至关重要learning process:

• 有人的存在，以指导学习者的知识和技能
• 脚手架或由导师或教师提供的支持活动，帮助指导学习者通过ZPD指导学习者
• 社交互动让学习者观察和练习他们的技能

The "More Knowledgeable Other"

“更知识渊博的其他”的概念是非常简单和相当不言自我解释的。更知识渊博的其他人是具有比学习者更高的知识水平的人。

It is the more knowledgeable other who provides critical guidance and instruction during the sensitive learning period. While a child might not yet be capable of doing something on their own, they are able to perform the task with the assistance of a skilled instructor.

Scaffolding

当孩子们在这个近端开发区域时，为他们提供适当的援助和工具，为学生提供了他们需要完成新任务或技能的东西。这些活动，指示，工具和资源被称为脚手架。最终，可以删除脚手架，学生将能够独立完成任务。

While scaffolding is now almost synonymous with the zone of proximal development, it is not a concept that was initially introduced by Vygotsky. Instead, this component has been put forth by other researchers who have expanded upon the original theories.

社交联系

这更知识渊博的其他人通常是父母，老师或其他成年人，但情况并非总是如此。在许多情况下，同行提供有价值的援助和指导。

在儿童生命的某些时期，他们甚至可以看起来比他们对成年人的看起来更远。青少年，在形成身份和拟合的时候是如此关键，只是一个例子。在这个年龄的孩子们经常向他们的同行寻找有关如何采取行动以及如何穿着的信息。

Vygotsky believed that peer interaction was an essential part of the learning process. In order for children to learn new skills, he suggested pairing more competent students with less skilled ones.

ZPD在教室中的应用

It is important to realize that the zone of proximal development is a moving target. As a learner gains new skills and abilities, this zone moves progressively forward. Teachers and parents can take advantage of this by continually providing educational opportunities that are a slight stretch of a child's existing knowledge and skills.

By giving children tasks that they cannot quite do easily on their own and providing the guidance they need to accomplish it, educators can progressively advance the learning process.

A Word From Verywell

The zone of proximal development is an important concept in the fields of both education and psychology. By understanding how the ZPD works, educators and instructional designers can be better prepared to create instruction and learning programs that maximize the tools and resources available to students.