精神分析对心理学领域的影响万博maxbetx官网登陆

Psychoanalysis is defined as a set of psychological theories and therapeutic techniques that have their origin in the work and theories of Sigmund Freud.精神分析的核心是信念，所有人都拥有无意识的想法，感受，欲望和记忆。

Basic Tenets

精神分析表明人们可以体验导泻and gain insight into their current state of mind by bringing the content of the unconscious into conscious awareness. Through this process, a person can find relief from psychological distress. Psychoanalysis also suggests that:

• 一个人的行为受到他们无意识的驱动器的影响。
• 情绪和心理问题，如抑郁和焦虑，往往是意识和无意识的思想之间的冲突。
• Personality发展受到幼儿事件的影响严重影响（弗洛伊德建议，以5岁以下的人格在石头上被规定）。
• 人们使用防御机制来保护自己免受无意识中所含的信息。

熟练的分析师可以帮助一个人把某些spects of their unconscious mind into their conscious awareness by using psychoanalytic strategies such as dream analysis and free association.

History of Psychoanalysis

Sigmund Freud是精神分析的创始人和心理学的心理动力学方法。万博maxbetx官网登陆弗洛伊德认为人类思想由三个要素组成：身份证，自我和超级款。

Many ofFreud's observations and theorieswere based on clinical cases and case studies. This made his findings difficult to generalize to the larger population. Still, Freud's theories changed how we think about the human mind and behavior and left a lasting mark on psychology and culture.

Erik Erikson is another theorist associated with psychoanalysis. Erikson expanded on Freud's theories and stressed the importance of growth throughout the lifespan. Erikson's psychosocial stage theory of personality remains influential today in our understanding of human development.

根据美国精神分析协会（APA），精神分析可以帮助人们通过探索隐藏在无意识中的无法识别的冲动，帮助人们自己理解自己。

Today, psychoanalysis encompasses:

• Applied psychoanalysis (which applies psychoanalytic principles to the study of art, literature, and real-world settings and situations)
• Neuro-psychoanalysis (which applies neuroscience to psychoanalytic topics such as dreams and repression)
• Psychoanalytic therapy

许多对心理动力学方法的批评都是基于早期的弗洛克人治疗方法。然而，最近，研究表明这种方法可以具有许多益处。

In psychotherapy, people are able to feel safe as they explore feelings, desires, memories, and stressors that can lead to psychological difficulties. Research has demonstrated that the self-examination utilized in the psychoanalytic process can contribute to long-term emotional growth.

重要的里程碑

• 1856 –西格蒙德·弗洛伊德was born
• 1882 – Josef Breuer described the case of Anna O to Freud
• 1886年 - 弗洛伊德首先开始提供治疗
• 1895 – Anna Freud was born
• 1900 – Sigmund Freud published his bookThe Interpretation of Dreams
• 1896 – Sigmund Freud first coined the term psychoanalysis
• 1908年 - 维也纳精神分析社会形成，并举办了第一次电脑栽培的国际会议
• 1909 – Freud made his first and only trip to the United States
• 1910年 - 形成了国际精神分析协会
• 1913 – Jung broke from Freud and psychoanalysis
• 1938 – The Vienna Psychoanalytic Society was dissolved
• 1939 – Sigmund Freud died in London following a long battle with mouth cancer

主要思想家

西格蒙德·弗洛伊德was the founder of psychoanalysis, but other thinkers—including his own daughter安娜弗劳德—also left a significant mark on the field. Among the most prominent names in psychoanalysis wereErik Erikson,埃里奇洛莫, andCarl Jung.。

关键思想

Psychoanalysis also involves a number of different terms and ideas related to the mind, personality, and treatment.

实例探究

A案例分析被定义为对一个人，群体或事件的深入研究。一些弗洛伊德最着名的案例研究包括多拉，小汉斯和安娜O.。这些案件对他的精神分析理论的发展产生了强大的影响。

虽然希望是从单一案例研究中获得的见解可能适用于他人，但难以概括结果，因为案例研究往往是高度主观的。在某些情况下，特定案件中涉及的因素如此个性化，以至于它们可能不适用于他人。

有意识和无意识的头脑

Theunconscious mindincludes all of the things that are outside of our conscious awareness, such as early childhood memories, secret desires, and hidden drives. According to Freud, the unconscious contains things that we might consider to be unpleasant or even socially unacceptable. We bury these things in our unconscious because they might bring us pain or conflict.

虽然这些想法，回忆和敦促在我们的意识之外，但他们仍然会影响我们如何思考和行为。在某些情况下，在我们意识之外的事情可以以负面方式影响行为，导致心理困扰。

另一方面，有意识的思想包括我们意识内部的一切。有意识的心灵的内容是我们所知的东西，或者很容易引起意识。

身份证，自我和超级

弗洛伊德认为，个人的个性有三个组成部分：身份证，自我和垫圈。

ID

人格的第一个关键要素被称为ID.。该ID包含所有无意识，基本和原始呼吸。

自我

出现的人格的第二个方面被称为自我。This is the part of the personality that must deal with the demands of reality. It helps control the urges of the id and makes us behave in ways that are both realistic and acceptable.

Rather than engaging in behaviors that are designed to satisfy our desires and needs, the ego forces us to fulfill our needs in ways that are socially acceptable and realistic. In addition to controlling the demands of the id, the ego also helps strike a balance between our basic urges, our ideals, and reality.

梯子

The梯子is the final aspect of personality to emerge and it contains our ideals and values. The values and beliefs that our parents and society instill in us are the guiding force of the superego and it strives to make us behave according to these morals.

The Ego's Defense Mechanisms

防御机制是自我用途的策略保护自己免受焦虑。These defensive tools act as a safeguard to keep unpleasant or distressing aspects of the unconscious from entering our awareness. When something is experienced as overwhelming or even inappropriate, defense mechanisms keep the information from entering our consciousness, which minimizes our distress.

优势and Weaknesses

在二十世纪初的过程中，心理分析的影响成长。但是，没有批评者并非如此。尽管其缺陷，心理分析继续在心理学发展中发挥关键作用。万博maxbetx官网登陆它影响了我们治疗心理健康状况的方法，并继续对今天对心理的影响。万博手机客户端万博maxbetx官网登陆

优势

• 尽管大多数心理动力学理论不依赖于实验研究，但精神分析思想的方法和理论导致了实验心理学的发展。万博maxbetx官网登陆
• 心理动力学思想家的许多人格理论，例如Erikson的心理社会阶段和弗洛伊德的心理舞台理论，继续影响现场。
• Psychoanalysis opened up a new view on mental illness, particularly that talking through problems with a psychoanalytic professional could help alleviate a person's psychological distress.

弱点

• Freud's theories overemphasized the unconscious mind, sex, aggression, and childhood experiences.
• 精神分析理论家提出的许多概念难以衡量和量化。
• Most of Freud's ideas were based on case studies and clinical observations rather than empirical, scientific research.

Support and Criticism

Many people are skeptical of psychoanalysis because the evidence supporting its effectiveness has often been viewed as weak. One of the main arguments by those who are critical of psychoanalysis is that it's not as effective as other treatments.

然而，一些关于精神分析的有效性的研究产生了支持。对先前研究的一个系统审查得出结论，精神分析治疗是一种有效的治疗，导致症状减少，持续多年后持续的症状和长期变化。

A 2015 review found that psychodynamic therapy could be effective in the treatment of a number of conditions include:

• 沮丧
• Eating disorders
• 躯体紊乱
• Some anxiety disorders

另一个批评是精神分析往往需要投入时间，金钱和努力。精神分析也是一个长期的主张。在我们今天生活的世界里，人们通常正在寻求快速的结果和方法，在几天，周或数月内产生效果。精神分析治疗通常涉及客户和治疗师探索问题的一段时间。

过去和现在

许多弗洛伊德的想法在心理学中偏离了偏袒，但这当然并不意味着他的工作没有功绩。万博maxbetx官网登陆研究还支持至少一些弗洛伊德的原始想法。

His approach to therapy (specifically, the suggestion that mental illness was treatable and that talking about problems could bring relief) was a revolutionary concept that changed how we approach the treatment of mental illness.

"Reviews of neuroscientific work confirm that many of Freud's original observations, not least the pervasive influence of non-conscious processes and the organizing function of emotions for thinking, have found confirmation in laboratory studies," explained Peter Fonagy in an article published inWorld Psychiatry。

Sigmund Freud也是他的时间的商品。虽然他所闻名他的大胆理论（在维多利亚时期被认为特别令人震惊），但他对世界的观点是他住的时间。如果弗洛伊德今天活着，他的想法可能被认为是非常不同的 - 他自己的工作可能会采取不同的方向。

Some have suggested that if Freud were alive today, he would likely be interested in topics related to brain functioning. Prior to the development of psychoanalysis, Freud's interests had centered on developing a neural model of behavior. Researchers today also suggest that the neurobiological underpinnings of psychoanalysis are worth further exploration.

One important thing to note is that while psychoanalysis might be on the decline, it does not mean that the心理动力学视角已经死了。

精神分析作为弗洛伊德构想它可能是在下降的情况下，但这并不意味着心理动力学的观点已经消失或者它将很快去任何地方。

今天精神分析

如果你在想到心理学时问别人想到的话，Sigmund弗洛伊德和精神分析可能是共同的反应。万博maxbetx官网登陆毫无疑问，精神分析 - 既是治疗方法和理论前景 - 已经留下了心理学的标志。万博maxbetx官网登陆

许多当代心理学家用怀疑主义观看精神分析。有些甚至觉得嘲笑弗洛伊德的思想学院。在认知过程，神经科学和的心理万博maxbetx官网登陆学世界中生物心万博maxbetx官网登陆理学占主导地位，有没有精神分析的空间？

一般来说，传统精神分析中存在危害下降。2008年美国精神分析协会（APA）发表的报告发现，心理学部门通常将精神分析视为纯粹的历史文物，而艺术，文学，历史和其他人文学科的主题更有可能教育精神分析作为持续的和相关的万博maxbetx官网登陆话题。

心理分析的未来

有几件事是肌肉分析作为领域可以做到，以确保其在心理学世界继续相关。万博maxbetx官网登陆有助于提高精神分析方法的合法性和相关性的一些东西包括：

• 更加重视科学研究和经验证据。
• 探讨更深入的循证治疗。
• 提高数据收集方法。
• 更好地考虑对行为的其他可能的解释。
• Collaborate actively with other mental health professionals.

一些目前努力振兴精神分析的关注精神分析概念，这些概念更具循证（如附件理论）或连接弗洛伊德对现代神经科学的无意识的想法。

A Word From Verywell

Freud's mark on psychology is still felt today.谈话治疗is most often associated with psychoanalysis, but therapists also use the technique in other approaches to treatment, including客户中心治疗, and组治疗。

精神分析可能不是它于1910年回来的力量，但弗洛伊德的理论对流行文化和心理学的影响持久影响。万博maxbetx官网登陆