对象永久性和Piaget的发展理论

The term "object permanence" is used to describe a child's ability to know that objects continue to exist even though they can no longer be seen or heard.

如果您曾经玩过一个非常幼儿的“Peek-A-Boo”游戏，那么您可能会理解这是如何工作的。当一个物体隐藏在视线中时，某个年龄的婴儿经常变得沮丧，该物品已经消失了。这是因为它们太年轻，无法理解，即使不能看到物体仍然存在。

Object Permanence

The concept of object permanence plays a significant role in thetheory of cognitive developmentcreated by psychologist让佩奇。在里面传感器舞台of development, a period that lasts from birth to about age two, Piaget suggested that children understand the world through their motor abilities such as touch, vision, taste, and movement.

在早期婴儿期间，婴儿是非常自我的。他们没有概念，世界与他们的观点和经验分开。要了解对象即使在看不见的情况下，婴儿必须首先制定对象的心理表达。

Schemas

Piaget referred to these mental images as模式。A schema is a category of knowledge about something in the world. For example, an infant might have a schema for food, which during early infancy will be either a bottle or breast.

随着孩子的增长，有更多的经验，他们的模式将乘以变得更加复杂。通过这个过程assimilationandaccommodation, children develop new mental categories, expand their existing categories, and even completely change their current schemas.

How Object Permanence Develops

皮亚杰建议在传感器的发展阶段有六种等物，包括：

Birth to 1 Month: Reflexes

在Sensorimotor阶段的最早部分，反射是婴儿了解和探索世界的主要方式。反身响应，如生根，吸吮和令人惊讶是婴儿与其环境的互动方式。

1 to 4 Months: Development of New Schemas

Next, primary circular reactions lead to the formation of new schemas. A baby might accidentally suck on his thumb and realize that it's enjoyable. He will then repeat the action because he finds it pleasurable.

4 to 8 Months: Intentional Actions

Around the age of 4 to 8 months, infants begin paying much more attention to the world around them. They will even perform actions to create a response. Piaget referred to these as secondary circular reactions.

8 to 12 Months: Greater Exploration

Between 8 and 12 months,intentional actionsbecome much more evident. Babies will shake toys to produce sounds and their responses to the environment become more cohesive and coordinated.

12 to 18 Months: Trial-and-Error

Tertiary circular reactions appear during the fifth stage. These involve trial-and-error and infants might start performing actions to gain attention from others.

18 to 24 Months: Object Permanence Emerges

皮卡认为，代表思想开始于18至24个月之间出现。此时，孩子们能够形成对象的心理表征。因为他们可以象征性地想象无法看到的东西，他们现在能够理解对象永久性。

Object Permanence

To determine if object permanence was present, Piaget would show a toy to an infant before hiding it or taking it away. In one version of his experiment, Piaget would hide a toy under a blanket and then observe to see if the infant would search for the object.

当其他婴儿来看看对象时，一些婴儿会困惑或令人沮丧。

在Piaget的实验中，这倾向于发生在8至9个月左右。

最近的发现

While Piaget’s theory was enormously influential and remains quite popular today, it has also been the subject of批评。One of the major criticisms of Piaget’s work is that he often underestimated children’s abilities.

对象持久性研究也呼吁有问题的一些比西的结论。研究人员已经能够证明，随着暗示，小小为四个月的孩子可以理解，即使他们是看不见或闻所未闻，对象仍然存在。

其他研究人员已经建议为什么婴儿不寻找隐藏玩具的替代解释。非常幼儿可能没有必要进行物理协调来搜索该项目。在其他情况下，婴儿可能对找到隐藏的对象没有兴趣。