何时和为什么习惯发生？

习惯是对响应的减少stimulusafter repeated presentations. For example, a new sound in your environment, such as a new ringtone, may initially draw your attention or even become distracting.

Over time, as you become accustomed to this sound, you pay less attention to the noise and your response to the sound will diminish. This diminished response is habituation.

Examples

为了了解习惯如何工作，看看一些不同的例子有助于。这种现象在许多不同的地区发挥着学习感知的作用。

学习

习惯是最简单和最重要的常见的学习形式。It allows people to tune out non-essential stimuli and focus on the things that really demand attention. Habituation is something that happens regularly in your everyday life, yet you are probably largely unaware of it.

For example, imagine that you are studying with the television playing in the background. The TV might be distracting at first, but habituation allows you to eventually tune out the noise and focus on what you are trying to learn.

Perception

想象一下，当你听到邻居院子的响亮的撞击声噪音时，你就在你的后院。不寻常的声音立即引起你的注意，你想知道发生了什么或者可能是什么可能是噪音。在接下来的几天内，撞击噪声以规律和不断的步伐继续。最终，你只是调整噪音

在你早上离开工作之前，另一个例子将在一些香水上微笑。在短期之后，you no longer notice the scent of your perfume, but others around you may notice the smell even after you've become unaware of it.

Psychotherapy

There are also psychotherapy approaches that rely on habituation. In the treatment ofphobias, for example, habituating people to the source of their fear is one way to help them overcome their phobia. Inexposure therapy, for example, people are progressively subjected to things that they fear.

Characteristics

习惯并不总是以相同的方式发生，并且有许多因素可以影响你习惯刺激的速度。一些主要特征的习惯包括：

• Change：改变刺激的强度或持续时间可能导致原始响应的再循环。因此，如果敲打噪音随着时间的推移而越来越大，或者突然停下来，你会更有可能再次注意到它。
• 期间: If the habituation stimulus is not presented for a long enough period before a sudden reintroduction, the response will once again reappear at full-strength. So if that noisy neighbor's loud banging (from the example above) were to stop and start, you're less likely to become habituated to it.
• 频率: The more frequently a stimulus is presented, the faster habituation will occur. If you wear that same perfume every day, you're more likely to stop noticing it earlier each time.
• Intensity: Very intense stimuli tend to result in slower habituation. In some cases, such as deafening noises like a car alarm or a siren, habituation will never occur (a car alarm wouldn't be very effective as an alert if people stopped noticing it after a few minutes, for example).

Why Habituation Occurs

习惯是一个例子non-associative learning,也就是说,没有associa奖励或惩罚ted with the stimulus. You're not experiencing pain or pleasure as a result of that neighbor's banging noises.

So why do we experience habituation? There are a few different theories that seek to explain why habituation occurs:

• 比较器的习惯化理论suggests that our brain creates a model of the expected stimulus. With continued presentations, the stimulus is compared to the model and, if it matches, the response is inhibited.
• 双因素习惯理论suggests that there are underlying neural processes that regulate responsiveness to different stimuli. So our brains decide for us that we don't need to worry about that banging noise because we have more pressing things on which to focus our attention.

Habituation in Relationships

Habituation is a concept often applied to perceptual phenomena, but it can also have a number of different real-world applications. This can include social relationships. It can affect your relationships in a variety of ways:

• 我们习惯了好的和坏的: As we grow to know people better, it is only natural that we stop noticing every little thing and become increasingly habituated to both their good and bad qualities.
• We overlook some things (and get irritated by others): You might grow accustomed to habits that you initially found irritating, or even become increasingly annoyed by things that you overlooked initially.
• 新奇在开始时提高了关注: In the beginning stages of any relationship, people tend to respond more readily. Every sensation is thrilling because it is new and unfamiliar.
• 但新颖性最终磨损了: Unfortunately, this is not a state that can last forever. Eventually, habituation sets in, and people stop noticing every little thing.

While habituation can lead to the thrill of a new relationship wearing off over time, it is not necessarily a bad thing. The initial passion that tends to mark the outset of a relationship typically gives way to something deeper and more lasting—a deeper, more meaningful love that is marked by friendship, support, and respect in addition to passion.

如何克服人际关系的习惯

So what can you do to overcome habituation and bring some of the initial spark back into your relationship?

• 专注于积极的。花点时间思考你对伴侣所爱的事情。你对这个人最欣赏的品质是什么？第一次见面时，什么东西吸引了你最多的？
• Practice gratitude。当您在伴侣周围度过的越来越多的时间时，它可能太容易专注于您发现刺激的事情。如果只关注这些品质，那么仍然非常困难，仍然保持满意和连接。
• Recall those feelings from the start of your relationship。想想你第一次注意到和爱你的伴侣的事情。考虑一下你喜欢一起做的事情。花时间注意到这些品质并重新引入这些活动是重新连接的好方法。
• Try something new。Routines and habits can be helpful, but they can feel stifling. Look for ways to change things up and add the zing of novelty back to your relationship. Try new activities as a couple and explore things together. It can be an interesting way of building a strong connection, as well as a means to see your partner in a new light.

来自粗糙的一个词

Habituation is a natural and normal part of our experience of the world. It allows us to function in environments where we are often inundated with sensory experiences and information.