How Negative Reinforcement Works

Negative reinforcement is a term described byB. F. Skinner.在他的理论中operant conditioning。在负强化中，通过停止，去除或避免负面结果或厌恶刺激来加强反应或行为。

Overview

Aversive stimuli tend to involve some type of discomfort, either physical or psychological. Behaviors are negatively reinforced when they allow you to escape from aversive stimuli that are already present or allow you to completely avoid the aversive stimuli before they happen.

在沉迷于辛辣的饭之前，决定服用抗酸剂是一个负强化的一个例子。您从事一个动作，以避免否定结果。

当你以这种方式看待它时，可以更容易地识别现实世界中的负强化的例子。

负钢筋的例子

通过查看以下示例了解更多信息：

• 在海滩前往海滩的一天之前，你露出防晒霜（行为），以避免晒伤（去除厌恶刺激）。
• You decide to clean up your mess in the kitchen (the behavior) to avoid getting into a fight with your roommate (removal of the aversive stimulus).
• On Monday morning, you leave the house early (the behavior) to avoid getting stuck in traffic and being late for work (removal of an aversive stimulus).
• At dinner time, a child pouts and refuses to each the vegetables on her plate. Her parents quickly take the offending veggies away. Since the behavior (pouting) led to the removal of the aversive stimulus (the veggies), this is an example of negative reinforcement.

Can you identify the negative reinforcer in each of these examples? Sunburn, a fight with your roommate and being late for work are all negative outcomes that were avoided by performing a specific behavior. By eliminating these undesirable outcomes, preventative behaviors become more likely to occur again in the future.

负强化与惩罚

One mistake that people often make is confusing negative reinforcement with惩罚。Remember, however, that negative reinforcement involves the移动of a negative condition to strengthen a behavior.

考虑以下示例并确定您是否认为这是负强化或惩罚的例子：

Timmy is supposed to clean his room every Saturday morning. Last weekend, he went out to play with his friend without cleaning his room. As a result, his father made him spend the rest of the weekend doing other chores like cleaning out the garage, mowing the lawn, and weeding the garden, in addition to cleaning his room.

如果你说这是惩罚的一个例子，然后你是正确的。因为Timmy没有清洁他的房间，他的父亲必须做额外的家务来惩罚他。

如果您正在努力区分负面强化或惩罚，请考虑是否正在添加或从某种情况中删除某些事情。

什么时候是最有效的

Negative reinforcement can be an effective way to strengthen the desired behavior. However, it is most effective when reinforcers are presented immediately following a behavior. When a long period elapses between the behavior and the reinforcer, the response is likely to be weaker.

In some cases, behaviors that occur in the intervening time between the initial action and the reinforcer are may also be inadvertently strengthened as well.

有些专家认为，负强化应该在课堂设置中谨慎使用positive reinforcement应该强调。

A Word From Verywell

所用的增强类型很重要，但使用的频率和时间表也在响应的强度中起着重要作用。使用的加强时间表可能具有重要的影响，不仅有多迅速了解了行为的速度，而且还对响应的力量。