Freud's Theories of Life and Death Instincts

Sigmund Freud的theory of drives evolved throughout the course of his life and work. He initially described a class of drives known as the life本能并认为这些驱动器对我们的大部分行为负责。

最终，他来相信，单独的生命本能无法解释所有人类的行为。随着他的书出版超越了快乐的校长1920年，弗洛伊德Concluded that all instincts fall into one of two major classes: life instincts or death instincts.

Life Instincts (Eros)

有时被称为性直觉，生命本能是处理基本生存，愉悦和繁殖的本能。这些本能对于维持个人的生命以及物种的延续是必不可少的。

虽然我们倾向于在性生育方面思考生命本能，但这些驱动器还包括渴望，饥饿和痛苦的东西。由生命本能产生的能量被称为性欲。

In his early psychoanalytic theory, Freud proposed that Eros was opposed by自我的力量（一个人的心灵的有组织的，现实部分，在欲望之间介导）。在此稍后的观点中，他坚持认为，生命本能是由自我毁灭性的死亡本能反对，称为Thanatos。

The life instincts are focused on the preservation of life, both of the individual and of the species. This drive compels people to engage in actions that sustain their own lives, such as looking after their health and safety. It also exerts itself through sexual drives, motivating people to create and nurture new life.

Positive emotions such as love, affection, prosocial actions, and social cooperation are also associated with the life instincts. These behaviors support both individual well-being and the harmonious existence of a cooperative and healthy society.

Death Instincts (Thanatos)

The concept of the death instincts was initially described inBeyond the Pleasure Principle,in which Freud proposed that “the goal of all life is death.” Freud believed that people typically channel their death instincts outwards.侵略, for example, arises from the death instincts.

Sometimes these instincts towards destruction can be directed inwards, however, which can result in self-harm or suicide.

为了支持他的理论，弗洛伊德指出，经历创伤事件的人通常会重新加入这一经验。从这一点中，他得出结论，人们抱着一个无意识的死亡欲望，但生活本能在很大程度上脾气。

In Freud’s view, the compulsion to repeat was "something that would seem more primitive, more elementary, more instinctual than the pleasure principle which it overrides." He further proposed that the death instincts were an extension of that compulsion wherein all living organisms have an instinctive "pressure toward death" that stands in stark contrast to the instinct to survive, procreate, and satisfy desires.

Moreover, when this energy is directed outward toward others, Freud maintained, it is expressed as aggression and violence.

来自粗糙的一个词

尽管弗洛伊德的理论不一样著名y once were, understanding how your own self-preservation and destructive tendencies influence your behavior can be helpful for your well-being. The life instincts might compel you to seek healthy relationships and social support, which are essential for emotional health.

另一方面，破坏性倾向可能导致您从事不太健康的行动，如积极地行事或从事风险行动。一旦你能够在自己身上识别一些这些倾向，你可能会更好地锻炼这些驱动器并更换具有更积极的选择的消极行为。