如何在心理学中定义灭绝万博maxbetx官网登陆

What could cause a person or animal to stop engaging in a previously conditioned behavior? Extinction is one explanation. In psychology, extinction refers to the gradual weakening of a conditioned response that results in the behavior decreasing or disappearing. In other words, the conditioned behavior eventually stops.

For example, imagine that you taught your dog to shake hands. Over time, the trick became less interesting. You stop rewarding the behavior and eventually stop asking your dog to shake. Eventually, the response becomes extinct, and your dog no longer displays the behavior.

灭绝的原因以及它发生时

In古典调理， 当一个条件刺激is presented alone without an无条件stimulus，这条件反应will eventually cease. For example, inPavlov's classic experiment，狗被调节到钟声垂涎欲滴。当铃声在没有食物的情况下反复呈现时，延长反应最终灭绝了。

In操作调节当判别刺激后不再加强响应时，发生灭绝。B. F. Skinner描述了他首次观察到这种现象的方式：

“我的第一个灭绝曲线出现意外。A rat was pressing the lever in an experiment on satiation when the pellet dispenser jammed. I was not there at the time, and when I returned I found a beautiful curve. The rat had gone on pressing although no pellets were received...

The change was more orderly than the extinction of a salivary reflex in Pavlov's setting, and I was terribly excited. It was a Friday afternoon and there was no one in the laboratory who I could tell. All that weekend I crossed streets with particular care and avoided all unnecessary risks to protect my discovery from loss through my accidental death."

Examples of Extinction

让我们仔细看看更多的灭绝例子。

想象一下，研究人员训练了一个实验室鼠，按钥匙接受食物颗粒。当研究人员停止提供食物时会发生什么？虽然灭绝不会立即发生，但它会在时间之后。如果大鼠继续按下钥匙但没有得到颗粒，则行为最终将被DWWindle直到它完全消失。

Conditionedtaste aversionscan also be affected by extinction. Imagine that you ate some ice cream right before getting sick and throwing it up. As a result, you developed a taste aversion to ice cream and avoided eating it, even though it was formerly one of your favorite foods.

一种克服这种不情愿的一种方法是让自己露出冰淇淋，即使只是吃它的想法让你感到有点不安。你可能会在又一次地休息一下。当你继续吃食物而不会生病时，你的条件厌恶最终会减少。

Extinction Doesn't Mean It's Gone Forever

If the conditioned response is no longer displayed, does that really mean that it's gone forever? In his research on classical conditioning, Pavlov found that when extinction occurs, it doesn't mean that the subject returns to their无条件state.

Allowing several hours or even days to elapse after a response has been extinguished can result inthe spontaneous recovery回应。自发恢复是指以前灭绝的突然灭绝的突然重新出现。

In his research on操作调节，Skinner发现了如何且当行为被加强的行为可能会影响抗灭绝的抵抗力。他发现一个部分加强时间表(reinforcing a behavior only part of the time) helped reduce the chances of extinction.

Rather than reinforcing the behavior each and every time it occurs, the reinforcement is given only after a certain amount of time has elapsed or a certain number of responses have occurred. This sort of partial schedule results in behavior that is stronger and more resistant to extinction.

可能影响灭绝的因素

A number of factors can influence how resistant a behavior is to extinction. The strength of the original conditioning can play an important role. The longer the conditioning has taken place and the magnitude of the conditioned response may make the response more resistant to extinction.

非常明确的行为可能变得几乎不受灭绝，并且即使在加强被完全删除后也可能会继续展示。一些研究表明habituation可能也在灭绝中发挥作用。例如，重复暴露于条件刺激可能最终导致您用于它，或习惯。

因为你已经习惯了条件刺激，所以你更有可能忽视它，并且最终引起反应的可能性不太可能导致条件行为的灭绝。

人格因素也可能在灭绝中发挥作用。一项研究发现，更焦虑的孩子们习惯速度慢。因此，他们对声音的恐惧反应比非焦虑儿童迅速迅速。