了解心理学中的刺激歧视万博maxbetx官网登陆

Discrimination is a term used in bothclassical and operant conditioning。它涉及的能力区分one stimulus and similar stimuli. In both cases, it means responding only to certain stimuli, and not responding to those that are similar.

古典调理中的歧视

In古典调理, discrimination is the ability to differentiate between aconditioned stimulus还没有与之配对的其他刺激无条件的刺激。For example, if a bell tone were the conditioned stimulus, discrimination would involve being able to tell the difference between the bell sound and other similar sounds.

The classical conditioning works like this: A previously neutral stimulus, such as a sound, is paired with an unconditioned stimulus (UCS). The unconditioned stimulus represents something that naturally and automatically triggers a response. For example, the smell of food is an unconditioned stimulus, while salivating to the smell is an unconditioned response.

在先前中性刺激之间形成关联之后，现在称为条件刺激（CS）和无条件的响应，CS可以唤起相同的响应，现在称为条件响应，即使在不存在UC时，也可以称为条件响应。

In Ivan Pavlov's classic experiments, the sound of a tone (a neutral stimulus that became a conditioned stimulus) was repeatedly paired with the presentation of food (unconditioned stimulus), which naturally and automatically led to a salivary response (unconditioned response).

最终，狗将响应单独的音调的声音（对条件刺激的条件反应）垂涎鼠。现在，想象帕夫洛夫向实验引入了不同的声音。而不是呈现语气的声音，让我们想象他听起来很喇叭。会发生什么？

If the dogs did not drool in response to the trumpet noise, it means that they are able to discriminate between the sound of the tone and the similar stimulus. Not just any noise will produce a conditioned response. Because of stimulus discrimination, only a very particular sound will lead to a conditioned response.

In one well-known experiment on classical conditioning, researchers paired the taste of meat (unconditioned stimulus) with the sight of a circle (conditioned stimulus), and dogs learned to salivate in response to the presentation of a circle. The researchers found, however, that the dogs would also salivate when they saw an ellipse, an oval shape.

Over time, as the dogs experienced more and more trials where they did not experience the taste of meat upon seeing the ellipse, they eventually became able to discriminate between the two similar stimuli. They would salivate in response to the circle, but not when they saw the ellipse.

操作分发中的歧视

In operant conditioning, discrimination refers to responding only to the discriminative stimulus and not to similar stimuli. For example, imagine that you have trained your dog to jump in the air whenever you say the command, "Jump!" In this instance, discrimination refers to your dog's ability to distinguish between the command for jumping and similar commands such as sit, stay, or speak.

刺激歧视与刺激概括

刺激歧视可以与众不同的现象对比刺激概括。

在古典调理中，例如，刺激概括将涉及不能区分条件刺激和其他类似的刺激。在着名小艾伯特实验, ayoung boy was conditioned to fear a white rat, but he displayed the fear response upon the presentation of similar white, furry objects.