什么是自主神经系统？

The autonomic nervous system regulates a variety of body process that takes place without conscious effort. The autonomic system is the part of theperipheral nervous systemthat is responsible for regulating involuntary body functions, such as heartbeat, blood flow, breathing, and digestion.

概述

This system is further divided into three branches: the sympathetic system, the parasympathetic system, and the enteric nervous system.

• The autonomic nervous system is also made up of a third component known as the肠道神经系统，which is confined to the gastrointestinal tract.
• The parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system有助于维护正常的身体功能并保存物理资源。该部门还执行控制膀胱，减缓心率和收缩眼睛瞳孔的任务。
• 自主神经系统的交感神经划分regulates the飞行或战斗回复。该部门还表现出这样的任务，以放松膀胱，加速心率，并扩张眼睛瞳孔。

How It Works

自主神经系统通过从环境中的信息和身体的其他部位接收信息来操作。同情和副交感神经系统往往具有相反的行为，其中一个系统将刺激另一个系统会抑制它的反应。

Traditionally, stimulation has been thought to take place through the sympathetic system while inhibition was thought to occur via the parasympathetic system. However many exceptions to this have been found.

例如，交感神经系统将采取行动，提高血压，而副交感神经系统将采取措施降低它。根据情况和需求，两种系统结合管理机构的响应。

例如，如果您面临威胁并且需要逃离，同情系统将迅速调动您的身体采取行动。一旦威胁通过，副交感神经系统就会开始抑制这些反应，慢慢将身体恢复到正常的休息状态。

Functions

自主系统控制各种内部过程，包括：

• Digestion
• 血压
• 心率
• 排尿和排便
• Pupillary response
• 呼吸（呼吸）率
• Sexual response
• 体温
• 代谢
• Electrolyte balance
• Production of body fluids including sweat and saliva
• Emotional responses

自主神经途径将不同的器官连接到脑干或脊髓。还有两个关键的神经递质或化学信使，这对于自主神经系统内的沟通很重要：

• 乙酰胆碱is often used in the parasympathetic system to have an inhibiting effect.
• Norebinephrine.通常在交感神经系统内工作，以对身体产生刺激作用。

Potential Problems

当自主神经系统的副交感神经和交感神经组分变得失去时，人们可以体验自主疾病，也称为患有动脉道查。

There are numerous types of autonomic disorders, each with its own unique set of symptoms, including:

• 急性自主瘫痪
• 传入的Baroreflex失败
• 家族性神经异常(Riley-Day syndrome)
• 特发性原发情异常性低血压
• 多系统萎缩
• Orthostatic hypotension
• Postprandial hypotension
• 纯粹的自主失败
• Secondary orthostatic hypotension

这些疾病可以单独发生，也可以作为导致自主神经系统中断的其他条件发生，包括：

• Aging
• Alcohol or drug abuse
• Autoimmune disease
• 癌症
• 慢性疲劳综合征
• 糖尿病
• 帕金森病
• Peripheral neuropathy
• Spinal cord disorders
• 创伤

Symptoms

如果您或您所爱的人正在遇到自主神经系统中的中断，您可能会遇到以下一个或多个症状。有些人一次体验一组症状，另一组症状在其他时间。

The symptoms can be fleeting and unpredictable or triggered by specific situations or actions, like after ingesting certain foods or after standing up quickly.

• Difficulty emptying the bladder
• Disturbing aches and pains
• 站立后头晕或光明
• 勃起功能障碍
• 晕眩（甚至是实际昏厥的法术）
• 疲劳和惯性
• Gastrointestinal symptoms
• 低血压（低血压）
• 缺乏瞳孔反应
• 缺乏汗水或大量出汗
• Numbness and tingling
• 严重焦虑或抑郁症
• Tachycardia (fast heart rate)
• 尿失禁

诊断和治疗

诊断自主主义障碍需要医生的评估，这可能包括物理检查，当患者均躺下和站立时，记录血压，试验汗液响应和心电图。诊断自主疾病通常令人棘手，因为体检和实验室测试都可以正常回来。

There is currently no "cure," however depending on the type of autonomic disorder, there are ways to treat the symptoms.

A Word From Verywell

自主神经系统在人体中起着重要作用，控制了许多身体的自动过程。该系统还有助于准备身体以应对压力和威胁，并以后将身体返回到搁置状态。

Learning more about this part of the nervous system can give you a better understanding of the processes that underlie many human behaviors and responses.