Gender Schema Theory and Roles in Culture

心理学家介绍了性别架构理论桑德拉Bem.1981年被声称，孩子们从他们居住的文化中了解男性和女性的角色。根据该理论，儿童调整他们的行为，以与社会发展的最早阶段与其文化的性别规范保持一致。

Bem’s theory was influenced by thecognitive revolutionof the 1960s and 1970s as well as her desire to remedy what she believed to be shortcomings in the psychoanalytic and social learning theories of the time.

Freudian theories她建议，太专注于解剖对性别发展的影响。相反，BEM提议儿童的认知发展与社会影响相结合，主要影响思想模式（schema) that dictate "male" and "female" traits.

文化影响性别架构

性别模式不仅对人们如何处理信息的影响而产生影响attitudes和信仰，直接“适当”的行为。

For example, a child who lives in a very traditional culture might believe that a woman’s role is in the caring and raising of children, while a man’s role is in work and industry. Through these observations, children form schema related to what men and women can and cannot do.

It also dictates a person's value and potential in that culture. For example, a girl raised in a traditional culture might believe that the only path available to her as a woman is to get married and raise kids. By contrast, a girl raised in a more progressive culture might pursue a career, avoid having children, or decide not to get married.

其中许多影响是公开的，而其他人则更加微妙。例如，甚至在词汇中的性别标题的位置甚至在“男女方式是如何表现”）本质上通过规则将妇女放在次要位置。所有这些影响都会增加了如何形成性别模式。

Consequences of Nonconformity

在这个构建中，男人和女性默许地意识到的后果not adhering to the cultural norm. A woman who decides to pursue a career, for example, might be considered "uppity" in traditional culture or be considered "unfair" or "disrespectful" to her husband if she doesn't take his last name.

On the flip side, even in more progressive societies, men may be subject to disapproval for being the stay-at-home parent, while a woman may be described as "old-fashioned" or "backward" if she adheres to a more traditional "housewife" role.

当受到社会反对时，人们经常会感到压迫，以改变他们不赞成他们的人的行为或面对拒绝。

性别类别

According to Bern's theory, people fall into one of four different gender categories:

• Sex-typed individuals are those who identify with their gender and process information through the lens of that gender schema.
• Cross-typed individuals process information through the lens of the opposite gender.
• Androgynous individuals exhibit both masculine and feminine thinking.
• 未分化的个人不要显示始终使用性别类型的处理。

理由和批评

在她的着作中，BEM认为，性别模式是整个男人，妇女和社会的限制。她相信，养育儿童免于这些刻板印象和局限性，将导致更大的自由和对自由意志的限制较少。

本的理论的批评者说,她描绘了印第安纳州ividuals simply as passive bystanders in the development of gender schemas and ignored the complex forces that contribute to the construction of gender.

BEM的性别角色库存

In addition to the gender schema theory, Bem created a questionnaire known as the Bem Sex-Role Inventory (BRSI). The inventory consists of 60 different words that are either masculine, feminine, or gender-neutral.

When taking the test, respondents are asked to rate how strongly they identify with each characteristic. Rather than simply categorize people as masculine or feminine, the inventory presents both traits as part of a continuum. Individuals can rank high on one gender or low on another (sex-typed) or, alternately, rank high on both masculine and feminine traits (androgynous).

The BSRI was first developed in 1974 and has since become one of the most widely used psychological assessment tools in the world.