Why an Opiate's Impact on the Brain Can Cause Addiction

Opiates, sometimes known as narcotics, are a type of drug that act as抑郁症在这一点中枢神经系统（CNS）。阿胺来自鸦片, which can be produced naturally from罂粟植物; opioids are chemically synthesized opiate-like drugs.

一些最常见的蛋白质和阿片类药物包括：

• Morphine (Kadian, Avinza)
• Codeine
• Hydrocodone (Vicodin)
• 芬太尼
• Oxycodone(OxyContin, Percocet)
• 海洛因

Opiate Use and Abuse

阿片类药物和阿片类药物在全球上升，因此近年来对这些物质的滥用和成瘾也没有惊讶，2012年达到峰值，然后从那时起慢慢下降。据国家滥用毒品研究所说：

• 2018年，阿片止痛药规定超过16800万次。
• 全球26至3600万人滥用鸦片。
• Over two million adults in the United States suffer from substance abuse problems related to the abuse of opiate painkillers.
• Nearly half a million U.S. adults are addicted to heroin.
• In 2010, the overuse of opiate painkillers resulted in nearly 17,000 deaths in the United States.
• About 75% of all people with an opioid addiction disorder end up switching to heroin as a cheaper source of opioids.

How Opiates Affect the Brain

人类和动物均具有大脑中的阿片受体。这些受体作为不同类型的鸦片样式的动作地点，例如海洛因和吗啡。

The reason the brain has these receptor sites is because of the existence of endogenous (internal)神经递质这对这些受体部位作用并在与阿片药物类似的体内产生反应。

Opiates and opioids work by binding to specific receptors in thebrain, mimicking the effects of pain-relieving chemicals that are produced naturally. These drugs bind to opiate receptors in the brain, spinal cord, and other locations in the body. This blocks the perception of pain. Opiates can cause feelings of well-being, but they can also cause side effects such as nausea, confusion, and drowsiness.

As the effects of opiate drugs become more tolerated, people may begin taking increasingly higher doses to experience the same pain-relieving effects and to reduce symptoms of退出。阿片戒断的症状可包括焦虑，肌肉疼痛，烦躁，失眠，流鼻涕，恶心，呕吐和腹部痉挛。

是什么让处方鸦片化如此潜在危险？它们影响大脑中的强大奖励系统。在完全按规定的情况下服用时，有些人甚至可以沉重的令人上瘾，但可以通过根据指示或将它们与包括酒精和其他药物的其他物质相结合来增加危险。此外，遗传脆弱性对鸦片成瘾的差异存在差异。

An estimated 50 million adults in the U.S. suffer from some type of chronic pain.阿片类药物止痛药经常被规定治疗伤害相关的疼痛，牙痛和背部疼痛。按照指示进行，它们通常不太可能导致过度使用或成瘾。使用Apiates来控制痛苦的人应联系他们的医疗保健提供者，如果他们认为它们可能正在发展宽容或成瘾。