精神疾病是由大脑的生理差异引起的吗?这个medical model对精神疾病的认识植根于一种信念,即精神疾病有生理原因。根据这一模式,精神疾病至少应该部分地作为一种疾病来治疗,通常是通过使用药物处方药.
治疗精神疾病的药物改变了大脑的化学成分。在大多数情况下,这些药物会添加或修饰一种化学物质,这种化学物质会导致情绪、感知、焦虑或其他问题。在正确的剂量下,药物可以对功能产生深远的积极影响。
The Brain Chemistry of Anxiety Disorders and Phobias
研究表明,患有焦虑症(包括恐惧症)的人在调节大脑中的血清素水平方面存在问题。血清素is a chemical that acts as a neurotransmitter. Neurotransmitters modulate the signals between neurons and other cells.
血清素在大脑中起作用,除其他外,还能调节情绪。血清素水平过高或过低都会导致抑郁和焦虑。因此,恐惧症通常用一类被称为selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors(SSRIs)。
正常情况下,血清素从神经细胞释放到细胞间的突触间隙中。它被第二个神经细胞识别,然后向大脑传输信号。血清素随后被第一个神经细胞重新捕获。
An SSRI prevents some of the serotonin from being reabsorbed. It stays in the synaptic gap in order to further stimulate the second nerve cell. SSRIs are not the only medications used in the treatment of phobias but are among the most effective. They must be used with caution, however, particularly in young people, as there can be serious side effects.
How Genetics Maybe Play a Role in Phobias
研究人员还发现genetics可能与恐惧症的发展有关。神经心理学是心理学的一个分支,致力于研究大脑的结构和功能。万博maxbetx官网登陆
虽然他们还没有分离出导致恐惧症的特定基因,但研究人员在患有恐惧症的患者中发现了某些基因异常。目前还不清楚所有恐惧症患者是否存在特定的基因差异。
遗传易感性
越来越流行的精神障碍理论是基于触发事件的概念。这个模型通常用来解释精神分裂症,但也可以解释恐惧症的发展。
In this theory, a certain percentage of people have the genetic trait that causes mental illness. However, most people who have that trait do not develop a disorder. The disorder occurs only after a triggering event.
触发事件对每个人都不同,但通常是创伤或严重压力的时期。对创伤的心理和情绪反应会引发精神障碍,但仅限于具有遗传倾向的人。
Although this theory is relatively new and quite controversial, it would help to explain why such major events as combat or natural disasters affect different people in wildly different ways.