4种常见的药物

When prescription or over-the-counter medications are taken for non-medical purposes, they can produce serious adverse health effects, including addiction, dependence, overdose, and death.

根据疾病控制和预防的中心（CDC），沉迷于美国处方药的人数已上升到流行水平。意外服用的年终因令人担忧的速度而增加，每年从4,000到14,800人增加10年。

最常见的虐待药物

哪种药物导致成瘾和过量死亡的增加？许多药物携带滥用潜力，但美国最常见的滥用药物包括阿片类药物，兴奋剂，抑郁症（镇静剂），右旋大甲仑。

Opioids

阿片类药物是天然的和合成化合物，主要用于缓解疼痛。如果完全按照规定进行，它们可以安全有效地管理受伤患者的疼痛，那些从手术中恢复的人，或慢性疼痛的人。

Opioids are usually taken by mouth (orally). Many opioid painkillers, such as a certain formulation of oxycodone (oxycontin), are intended to be time-released drugs. However, if the pills are crushed, the resulting powder can be snorted or injected, causing a rapid release of the drug and a subsequent "high."

当较高剂量的阿片类药物的药物释放到血液中时，它产生更快的药物。阿片类药物滥用非常危险，可以导致过量或死亡。

The life-threatening consequences of opioids may be increased when they are mixed with other substances. For example, opiates should never be taken with alcohol, antihistamines, barbiturates, or benzodiazepines.

兴奋剂

刺激剂，如adderall，dexedrine和利他林，通常是规定的，以增加警觉性，关注和能量。兴奋剂主要用于治疗ADHD和睡眠障碍，并增加抗抑郁药。

Originally, physicians prescribe stimulants to treat a variety of medical conditions, but their use was greatly curtailed as the potential for abuse and addiction became better known.

When abused, stimulants are usually taken orally. However, some users will dissolve the pills in water and attempt to inject the mixture. This can potentially cause vascular problems.

与兴奋剂滥用有几种有关的医学危险，主要与心血管系统相关。快速或不规则的心跳，高血压和心脏损伤或失败只是几个例子。兴奋剂滥用也可能存在严重的精神病反应。

如果与兴奋剂混合 - 尤其是含有屠体的冷药物，则遇到的逆药物也会产生风险。混合物会导致危险的高血压和不规则的心跳。

抑郁症

Another group of drugs adding to the increase of overdose deaths in the United States is sedative-hypnotics; primarily barbiturates and benzodiazepines.

• • 巴比妥酸盐, such as Mebaral and Nembutal. This category of medications is used as anesthetics, anti-seizure medications, and was previously used for anxiety and sleep. Given the potential risks of dependency and overdose associated with these drugs, however, their use in sleep and anxiety has generally been supplanted by the benzodiazepines.
  • 苯二氮卓卓, such as Valium, Xanax, and Klonopin, which are used to treat anxiety, seizures, and sleep. A particular danger of the benzodiazepines is when they are taken along with other drugs that can cause drowsiness, including alcohol, prescription pain medications, or some over-the-counter cold and allergy medications.

An过量这些镇静剂可引起无意识，呼吸衰竭和死亡。

Dextromethorphan（DXM）

One of the most commonly abused over-the-counter drugs is cough syrup and caplets that contain dextromethorphan (DXM). Used as directed, these cough remedies are safe and effective, but their potential for abuse is great.

DXM can produce mind-altering effects similar to those produced by氯胺酮和PCPbecause it affects similar regions of the brain. However, excessive amounts of cough medication must be consumed to achieve these effects. Sometimes, the drug is mixed into a concoction calledpurple drank。

大剂量，DXM会导致恶心和呕吐;心率和血压增加，运动功能受损。在过量的情况下，药物可以产生严重的呼吸抑制和缺氧到大脑。